Why won't NASA send a copy of Perseverance to the Moon? Can life exist on a planet around a blue giant star? How do satellites stay safe in orbit and don't collide with each other? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show.
👉 Ad Astra Channel:
https://www.youtube.com/@adastraspace
👉 Oxygen Bottleneck paper
https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.01160
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
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https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00 Start
00:26 [Andoria] Why won't NASA send Mars-style rovers to the Moon? 
05:15 [Vulcan] How to get your discovery to the scientific community? 
09:56 [Risa] Can life exist near blue giant stars? 
13:41 [Aeturen] Can fire be the solution the Fermi paradox? 
16:13 [Vendikar] Should you study journalism in a university? 
19:26 [Remus] Robin Hanson's grabby aliens
24:21 [Janus] How do satellites stay safe in orbit?
28:39 [Cait] How do supermassive black holes form? 
32:56 [Betazed] Will we become a Kardashev Type I civilization?
37:20 [Cheleb] Shape of the Universe
39:43 [Nimbus] Why some planets have no surface? 
41:59 [Belos] Should we preserve Earth or find another home? 
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/Pu_4G76Jp4s
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[Q&A] Mars Rovers On The Moon, Satellite Management, Life Near Blue Giants

Self-replicating space robots seems as an obvious way to explore the Universe. How close are we to such a scenario and what do we need to fill outer space with Von Neumann probes? Figuring out with Professor Alex Ellery.
👉 Realistic Scenario of Interstellar Travel
https://youtu.be/SkGRVvA23qI
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00:00 Intro
02:07 How sustainable is the Moon
07:44 Self-replicating robots
32:11 How would a mission look like
39:14 Going beyond the Moon
45:19 Realistic future scenario
59:28 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/vo8630SIo
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[Interview] How Close Are We To Self-Replicating Robots Conquering Space

What is cosmic dust? What is it made of and what can it tell us about the Universe? Could cosmic dust be responsible for life starting on Earth? Figuring it all out with Dr Craig Walton from Cambridge University.
👉 Dr Craig Walton:
https://craigwaltongeosci.wordpress.com/
👉 How Did Early Earth Get The Ingredients for Life?
https://youtu.be/SkWNmkoCelY
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00:00:00 Intro
00:01:43 What is dust
00:08:43 Dust falling on Earth
00:16:05 Dust and the origin of life
00:46:30 Dust on other worlds across the Universe
01:03:29 Current obsessions
01:08:16 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/GeuxmuzZ_xs
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Was Cosmic Dust Responsible for Life on Earth?

We’ve learned what happened to the Odysseus Lander. SLIM survived the lunar night. Experience a fiery trip from orbit to the Utah desert. James Webb completes one of its major science goals.
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00:00 Intro
00:15 What really happened with Odysseus
https://www.universetoday.com/165896/odysseus-moon-lander-pictures/
03:19 SLIM woke up!
https://www.universetoday.com/165890/surprise-japan-slim-moon-lander-wakes-up/
04:56 JWST big discovery
https://www.universetoday.com/165936/dwarf-galaxies-banished-the-darkness-and-lit-up-the-early-universe/
08:57 Vote results
https://youtu.be/i9DTgdR2vtc
09:43 Three new moons
https://www.universetoday.com/165910/new-moons-found-at-uranus-and-neptune/
10:52 New space telescope
https://www.universetoday.com/165825/a-new-space-telescope-will-map-the-universe-and-help-protect-the-earth-from-asteroids/
12:40 Support what we do
13:16 NASA test Starship docking system
https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasa-spacex-test-starship-lunar-lander-docking-system/
14:20 Last pics of Ingenuity
https://www.universetoday.com/165931/ingenuity-wont-fly-again-because-its-missing-a-rotor-blade/
15:33 Varda's descent from space
https://www.universetoday.com/165935/watch-the-varda-capsules-entire-fiery-atmospheric-re-entry/
16:32 Success of failure
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/qUahxtDwe8I
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[Space Bites] Odysseus Moon Landing Verdict // JWST Breakthrough // SLIM Surprise

How serious is the threat from space weapons? How should we handle the situation with international treaties? Is there a way to ensure the enforcement of them and what are the risks if somebody breaks them? Figuring out the answers with Dr Matthew Powell from the University of Portsmouth.
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00:00 Intro
01:49 How serious is the threat from Russia
08:37 Weapons in space
13:13 Consequences
18:12 Space-based anti-satellite weapons
25:58 The next version of outer space treaty
48:00 Current obsessions
52:55 Final thoughts
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/XQikGtRUEdc
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[Interview] How Should We Handle Space Weapons

Where do auroras come from on rogue planets? Can we refuel the Sun to make it last longer? What's going on with space nuke tests? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show. 
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00:00 Start
00:25 [Andoria] Where do auroras come from on rogue planets
05:54 [Vulcan] How can we get water on the Moon?
09:37 [Risa] What about space nukes? 
13:35 [Aeturen] What happens with space laser communication?
17:05 [Vendikar] Are we alone in the Universe?
17:11 [Remus] Why is it so difficult to get to the Sun?
20:26 [Janus] How will Starship change space probes? 
25:46 [Cait] Could we refuel the Sun? 
29:05 [Betazed] How the Webb and Hubble pics are made?
36:25 [Cheleb] Could we detect life at the nearest star? 
40:41 [Nimbus] Is the dark forest solution for the Fermi paradox any good?
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/BvcymmjVwbg
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[Q&A] Refuelling the Sun, Rogue Planets Auroras, Space Nukes

Odysseus lands successfully on the Moon, China is planning to build bricks on the lunar surface, James Webb finds the neutron star at the heart of supernova 1987 A, and Blue Origins finally rolls out New Glenn.
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00:00 Intro
00:17 USA's first Moon landing in 21st century
https://www.universetoday.com/165834/intuitive-machines-odysseus-lander-moon/
05:01 Lunar bricks from China
https://www.universetoday.com/165771/chinas-change-8-mission-will-try-to-make-bricks-on-the-moon/
06:39 Perseverance has a problem
https://www.universetoday.com/165742/nasa-is-trying-to-fix-a-problem-with-one-of-perseverances-instruments/
08:32 JWST finds a neutron star
https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2024/news-2024-112
10:40 Kuiper Belt might be bigger than we thought
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/nasas-new-horizons-detects-dusty-hints-of-extended-kuiper-belt/
13:07 Vote results
13:48 Space-grown drugs return to Earth
15:34 OSIRIS-REx sample mass
https://www.universetoday.com/165748/osiris-rexs-final-haul-121-6-grams-from-asteroid-bennu/
17:16 Interviews
17:54 New Glenn goes vertical
https://www.universetoday.com/165850/finally-blue-origins-new-glenn-goes-vertical-on-the-launch-pad/
19:07 Euclid begins its mission
https://www.universetoday.com/165755/euclid-begins-its-6-year-survey-of-the-dark-universe/
20:40 Moon landings
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/i9DTgdR2vtc
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[Space Bites] USA’s Crazy Moon Landing // Problems for Perseverance // New Glenn Goes Vertical

Why doesn't JWST look at Apollo landing sites? What happened to TRAPPIST-1 atmospheres? What's the biggest thing we can measure our velocity relative to? Will the Universe ever start bouncing back? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show. 
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
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00:00 Start
00:27 [Andoria] What's the biggest thing we can measure our velocity relative to?
02:40 [Vulcan] Why doesn't JWST look at Apollo landing sites?
05:12 [Risa] How can we make Moon regolith safer? 
09:13 [Aeturen] What do I think about smart telescopes? 
13:25 [Vendikar] When is the Universe expected to bounce back like an elastic band ?
15:56 [Remus] Thoughts on the samples from OSIRIS-REx? 
19:29 [Janus] What is dark matter? 
20:10 [Cait] Can they still fly Ingenuity? 
21:45 [Betazed] What happened to atmosphere of the TRAPPIST-1 planets? 
23:43 [Cheleb] What comes next after satellites in space economy? 
27:01 [Nimbus] Can we create an atmosphere on the Moon? 
29:00 [Belos] Thoughts on the achievements of the Chinese space program?
33:02 [Lyar] Is dark matter just dust and gas we can't see? 
36:04 [Zalcon] Will the public be informed if JWST suffers more damage?
39:07 [Arret] Is a nuclear ion engine a thing? 
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/zVOkhTi88kM
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[Q&A] JWST vs Apollo Landing Sites, TRAPPIST-1 Atmospheres, Chinese Space Program

Huge Kuiper Belt discovery! With James Webb astronomers were able to see that Eric and Makemake show signs of geothermal activity. How exactly did that happen? Figuring out with Dr Christopher Glein, Lead Scientist at Southwest Research Institute.
👉 Dr Christopher Glein
https://www.christopherglein.com/
📜 Measurement of D/H and 13C/12C Ratios in Methane Ice on Eris and Makemake: Evidence for Internal Activity
https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.05085
📜 Moderate D/H Ratios in Methane Ice on Eris and Makemake as Evidence of Hydrothermal or Metamorphic Processes in Their Interiors: Geochemical Analysis
https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.05549
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00:00 Intro
01:10 JWST's images of Eris and Makemake
05:46 Unique flavours of methane
12:21 Findings
21:16 Implications for other worlds
24:45 What's next
26:21 Current obsessions
32:51 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/eIO69E3Rqoo
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[Interview] Discovery of The Decade for Dwarf Planets? Eris and Makemake Geothermal Activity

Solar sails aren't just a tool to send tiny spacecraft to Alpha Centauri. They can also be used to optimise exploration of the Solar System. How can we do that? Figuring it out with Alexander Alvara.
📜 BLISS: Interplanetary Exploration with Swarms of Low-Cost Spacecraft
https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11226
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00:00 Intro
01:08 Thousands of tiny solar sails
03:58 Deployment plan
10:28 Timeframe
11:58 Communication with Earth
15:15 How far can you go
17:58 Long-term potential of solar sails
26:37 Current obsessions
29:10 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/5p6Ur7V4ZVM
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[Interview] Swarms of Cheap Spacecraft for Solar System Exploration

More oceans across the Solar System. The Event Horizon Telescope zooms into an active galactic nucleus. Another lunar lander sets off to the Moon. 
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00:00 Intro
00:13 Mimas has an ocean
https://www.universetoday.com/165722/saturns-death-star-moon-mimas-probably-has-an-ocean-too/
02:37 Eris and Makemake geothermal activity
https://www.swri.org/press-release/swri-scientists-find-evidence-of-geothermal-activity-within-icy-dwarf-planets
04:02 Water on asteroids
https://www.universetoday.com/165696/water-found-on-the-surface-of-an-asteroid/
05:45 Intuitive Machines Odysseus lander launch
https://www.universetoday.com/165738/intuitive-machines-odysseus-moon-lander/
07:29 Testing spacesuits
https://www.universetoday.com/165698/next-generation-spacesuit-gets-tested-in-weightlessness/
09:28 Vote results
https://youtu.be/q0XKwvuK8pk
10:11 Confirmation of JUMBOs
https://public.nrao.edu/news/astronomers-discover-jupiter-sized-objects/
12:16 Lasers for the Deep Space Network
https://www.universetoday.com/165700/one-of-nasas-radio-dishes-can-now-track-space-lasers-too/
14:02 Weekly email newsletter
https://universetoday.com/newsletter
14:34 A new image from EHT 
https://www.universetoday.com/165669/the-event-horizon-telescope-zooms-in-on-a-black-holes-jet/
17:09 What happened after DART
https://www.universetoday.com/165690/what-happened-to-all-those-boulders-blasted-into-space-by-dart/
18:39 More moons thoughts
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/bGnxKXD8USE
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[Space Bites] Unexpected Mimas Discovery // Moon Mission Launch // New EHT Image

What are the main problems of modern-day science? Why there's a growing trust gap between the scientists and the public? How can we fix those problems and restore the trust? Figuring out with Dr. Paul M. Sutter.
📖 Rescuing Science: Restoring Trust in an Age of Doubt
https://www.pmsutter.com/store/yourplace-zrd55
👉 Paul M. Sutter's website: https://www.pmsutter.com/
👉 Paul M. Sutter's YouTube:  @PaulMSutter  
👉 Ask A Spaceman podcast: https://www.pmsutter.com/shows/askaspaceman
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📚 Suggest books in the book club:
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00:00:00 Intro
00:00:57 What's wrong with modern science
00:04:14 Fraud in publications
00:11:40 Funding
00:16:01 Careers 
00:23:38 Politics
00:39:19 Know-it-alls
00:42:15 Science communication
00:50:42 Diversity 
00:54:20 How to fix that 
01:02:14 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/517Msi3wDJ4
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[Interview] What's Wrong With Modern Science And How To Fix It

How sure can astronomers be when estimating asteroid strikes? Why is Jupiter so radioactive? What happened to the methane on Mars story? Are black holes 2D or 3D? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show. 
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00:00 Start
00:24 [Andoria] Can you prove that there's no life in the Universe?
04:14 [Vulcan] How certain ca we be about asteroid strikes?
08:52 [Risa] Why is Jupiter so radioactive?
10:36 [Aeturen] Is there gravitational lensing for planets from their own stars?
13:45 [Vendikar] Wouldn't it be cheaper to send multiple satellites to deep space at a single time versus one at a time?
18:10 [Remus] What's my opinion on the shape of the Universe?
22:01 [Janus] What happened to methane on Mars?
24:27 [Cait] Will a major propulsion breakthrough happen soon?
28:26 [Betazed] Does Jupiter protect us from asteroids?
30:08 [Cheleb] Are black holes 2D or 3D?
32:28 [Nimbus] What's the most important resource on the Moon apart from water?
34:37 [Belos] How do gravitational wave detectors know where the signal came from? 
37:50 [Lyar] Do Sun-like stars with tidally locked planets make sense? 
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/kuTkg9d9u6E
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[Q&A] Trusting Asteroid Strike Probabilities, Propulsion Breakthrough, Methane on Mars

Big layoffs at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab. Testing spacesuits for the Moon. Another flyby of Io. And our final look at Ingenuity.
🎙️ INTERVIEWS:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmnK1xmCRad_8bn0uOcmLiIE
👉 NASA Layoffs: https://youtu.be/yFuHdZNZ6-Y
👉 Io Exploration: https://youtu.be/3YpbDZQHkCk
👉 Measuring Space Distances: https://youtu.be/hmJOz9qCk0M
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00 Intro
00:12 NASA JPL Layoffs
 https://www.universetoday.com/165651/nasas-jpl-lays-off-hundreds-of-workers/
01:25 Testing Artemis Spacesuits
https://www.universetoday.com/165611/nasa-continues-testing-its-new-lunar-spacesuits/
03:38 JWST Did It Again
https://www.universetoday.com/165572/the-jwst-discovers-a-galaxy-that-shouldnt-exist/
04:35 Berlin meteor found
https://www.universetoday.com/165625/fragments-from-that-asteroid-that-exploded-above-berlin-have-been-recovered-and-theyre-really-special/
06:30 Vote results
07:09 Mass of the Milky Way
https://www.universetoday.com/165598/astronomers-measure-the-mass-of-the-milky-way-by-calculating-how-hard-it-is-to-escape/
08:35 Dust Ruins Another Way to Measure Distances
https://www.universetoday.com/165627/dust-ruins-another-way-of-measuring-distance-in-the-universe/
11:00 Interview streak!
12:27 Juno's Io Flyby
https://www.universetoday.com/165585/nasas-juno-probe-makes-another-flyby-of-io/
13:51 Dreamchaser Test
https://www.universetoday.com/165648/nasa-gives-dreamchaser-the-shakedown/
15:43 Final look at Ingenuity
https://www.universetoday.com/165641/perseverance-gives-us-one-last-look-at-the-damaged-ingenuity-helicopter/
16:57 Meteorites
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/q0XKwvuK8pk
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⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Space Bites] NASA in Trouble // More Impossible Galaxies from JWST // Final Goodbye to Ingenuity

BREAKING NEWS. JPL is laying off about 530 people. Why did that happen and what it means for major NASA missions like Artemis and Mars Sample Return? Figuring it out with Casey Dreier, Chief of Space Policy at The Planetary Society.
🎙️ Planetary Radio Podcast: 
https://www.planetary.org/planetary-radio/space-policy-edition
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00:00 Intro
00:01:10 JPL layoffs and NASA budget cuts 
00:21:05 Effects on Artemis
00:36:50 Mars Sample Return in Danger
01:03:41 Planetary Society's plans
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/yFuHdZNZ6-Y
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
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Astronomy Cast: http://www.astronomycast.com/
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⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Interview] NASA JPL Layoffs. Artemis and Mars Sample Return in DANGER?

We all know the Hubble Deep Field as one of the most important astronomy images of all time. But when will we get a similar attempt from Webb? What will we be able to get from it and what are the limits of JWST? Finding out with Dr Viraj Pandya from NASA. 
👉 Nobel Prize Winner Explains JWST vs The Crisis in Cosmology
https://youtu.be/hmJOz9qCk0M
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00 Intro
01:43 Galaxy classification
08:20 Hubble's observations and biases
19:53 Breadstick galaxies
31:07 Wen JWST Deep Field
43:58 What is the limit of Webb
52:03 Final thoughts
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/WdTkH1v2NqI
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
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Astronomy Cast: http://www.astronomycast.com/
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frasercain@gmail.com
⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Interview] Deepest Ever Deep Field. Where Are The Limits of James Webb?

Could we detect life on Earth from Neptune's orbit? Is the Moon shrinking over time? Why don't we send an orbiter the the Kuiper belt? What should we call Planet 9 if we find it? Answering all these questions and more in this week's Q&A show.
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00 Start
00:24 [Andoria] Could we detect Earth life from Neptune's orbit? 
04:47 [Vulcan] Will we ever send an orbiter to the Kuiper belt? 
07:57 [Risa] Is the Moon shrinking? 
11:23 [Aeturen] Plans for the April eclipse? 
13:25 [Vendikar] What happens when gravitational waves collide? 
14:18 [Remus] Do photons experience time? 
16:04 [Janus] What would be considered an unequivocal biosignature?
21:13 [Cait] What should we name Planet 9?
22:07 [Betazed] How soon can we recycle space junk? 
25:04 [Cheleb] Did sci-fi become less compelling? 
27:22 [Nimbus] How did Moon effect evolution on Earth? 
30:28 [Belos] Are event horizons most perfect spheres in the Universe? 
32:14 [Lyar] Is it possible to move from our current universe to the previous one?
35:36 [Zalcon] Why can't dark matter be objects? 
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/WZUhtAPPbg0
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
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⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Q&A] Kuiper Belt Orbiter, Naming Planet 9, Most Perfect Spheres

If exoplanets exist, so should exomoons. However, to this day we still did not find any. Even more than that, there's a pretty big controversy regarding the potential discovery of exomoons. What's going on and what can we do about it? Finding the answers with Dr David Kipping.
👉 Dr David Kipping's channel  https://www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsLab 
👉 Previous interview with Dr Kipping https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rx1276dpHe4
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00:00 Intro
00:01:22 Catch-up after previous interview
00:02:25 Searching for exomoons
00:10:23 Counterarguments 
00:15:34 Taking it to the next level
00:28:54 Alternative detection methods
00:37:27 Ideal time for observations
00:39:19 SETI and technosignatures
01:03:28 Science communication
01:28:23 Obsessions
01:37:17 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/umiMtQU3bMU
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
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Astronomy Cast: http://www.astronomycast.com/
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⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Interview] Why JWST Avoids Searching For Exomoons with Dr. David Kipping

Whenever we search for life, we're searching for 'life as we know it". But are there alternative options? Non-carbon based life? Or life that doesn't use water as a solvent? It turns out, things like that can be as close as on Venus. Figuring it out with Dr William Bains.
📜 Venus' Atmospheric Chemistry and Cloud Characteristics Are Compatible with Venusian Life
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371507931
More interviews:
👉 When Did Evolution Start on Earth
https://youtu.be/MeVvreDPI6c?si=8yfmEPE4ZNu2PGxK
👉 Finding Alien Life. A Step-By-Step Instruction
https://youtu.be/1KKOAaG1Kg8?si=DdlkXO0tSXe1wsxu
👉 How Did Early Earth Get The Ingredients for Life?
https://youtu.be/SkWNmkoCelY
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00 Intro
01:26 Life as we don't know it
03:27 Defining life
11:44 Evolution
14:02 The role of solvents
18:22 Other fluids
23:33 Venus
29:55 How to look for life on Venus
48:01 Obsessions
56:30 Final thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/wK9LWHNHuF4
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
Read by 60,000 people every Friday. Written by Fraser. No ads.
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📩 CONTACT FRASER
frasercain@gmail.com
⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

[Interview] Venus Could Harbour Non-Water Based Life

Science fiction taught us that Mars cities are inevitable. That we will sooner or later have those cool looking glass domes with spaceports and stuff. But the world is a cruel place and reality is unforgivable. So, how will a realistic Mars habitat of the future will look like? Discussing it with Kelly and Zach Weinersmith.
🦄 Support us on Patreon: 
https://patreon.com/universetoday
📚 Suggest books in the book club:
https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/1198440-universe-today-book-club
00:00:00 Intro
00:01:10 Space sucks. The Reality of living in space
00:09:35 Why go to space
00:22:28 Minimum size of the population
00:30:30 Fascination with the apocalypse
00:33:51 Simulating Mars missions
00:38:12 Childbirth is space
00:40:24 Technological progress
00:44:32 Economical growth
01:01:38 Current obsessions
01:05:21 More thoughts and more interviews
📺 VIDEO VERSION
https://youtu.be/OQ8sZtg-Kdc
📰 EMAIL NEWSLETTER
Read by 60,000 people every Friday. Written by Fraser. No ads.
Subscribe. It's FREE: https://universetoday.com/newsletter
🎧 PODCASTS
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Astronomy Cast: http://www.astronomycast.com/
🤳 OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/universetoday
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⚖️ LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

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